The Handmaids Tale Feminism Essay - 1465 Words

Margaret Atwood’s 1985 novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, is undoubtedly a staple piece when considering feminism in literature. While most works might take a firm stand on one side or the other when considering feminism, The Handmaid’s Tale approaches the subject differently; instead of establishing an ironclad position either supporting or condemning feminist ideals, Atwood’s novel showcases both ends of a spectrum concerning the advantages and disadvantages of such a movement in a democratic-turned-totalitarian world. It is this quality of writing that sets this novel apart from others. While a majority of readers might assume or infer that The Handmaid’s Tale is solely supporting or denouncing feminism, in actuality, this literary work†¦show more content†¦One of the most important aspects of the novel is that of the women characters within and their interactions with one another. Their interactions with each other are quite able to be interpr eted in numerous ways, however, in this aspect, they will be interpreted under the belief that they are neither feminist nor anti-feminist. There are a few examples which will be considered; Ofglen and Offred, Moira and Offred, and Serena Joy and Offred. Ofglen and Offred’s interactions at the beginning of their acquaintance are strained, in fact, Offred’s first description her her is not a shining one; â€Å"Her name is Ofglen, and that’s all I know about her. She walks demurely, heads down, red-gloved hands clasped in front, with short little steps like a trained pig’s, on its hind legs. During these walks she has never said anything that was not strictly orthodox, but then, neither have I. She may be a real believer, a handmaid in more than name. I can’t take the risk.† (Atwood). Offred and Ofglen’s relationship is an odd one. While not quite friends, neither are they enemies. In what has been described as a â€Å"second wave fem inist utopia† (Tolan), their relationship is one that has sprung out of necessity rather than enjoyment. It is not because they are both women that they have decided to find confidence in each other, as many have insisted, but because they have similar mentalities, something that is allShow MoreRelated Feminism In The Handmaids Tale Essay1588 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism In The Handmaids Tale      Ã‚  Ã‚   Feminism as we know it began in the mid 1960s as the Womens Liberation Movement. Among its chief tenants is the idea of womens empowerment, the idea that women are capable of doing and should be allowed to do anything men can do. Feminists believe that neither sex is naturally superior. They stand behind the idea that women are inherently just as strong and intelligent as the so-called stronger sex. Many writers have taken up the cause of feminismRead MoreThoughts on Feminism and Dystopia in the Handmaid’s Tale Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX ENGL 252-01 28 November 2012 Thoughts on Feminism and Dystopia in The Handmaid’s Tale The Annotated Bibliography Dopp, Jamie. Subject-Position as Victim-Position in The Handmaids Tale. Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littà ©rature canadienne [Online], 19.1 (1994): n. page. Web. 27 Nov. 2012 Dopp believes that Dopp believes that the goal of The Handmaid’s Tale is to work against the oppression of women, While he feels that is actually does theRead MoreEssay on Feminism in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale1096 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale In The Handmaids Tale, Margaret Atwood explores the role that women play in society and the consequences of a countryà ­s value system. She reveals that values held in the United States are a threat to the livelihood and status of women. As one critic writes, â€Å"the author has concluded that present social trends are dangerous to individual welfare† (Prescott 151).   The novel is set in the near future in Gilead, formerly the U.S., at a time whenRead MoreFeminism in Top Girls and The Handmaids Tale Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesBoth Top Girls and The Handmaid’s Tale relate to contemporary political issues and feminism. Top Girls was written by Caryl Churchill, a political feminist playwright, as a response to Thatcher’s election as a first female British Prime Minister. Churchill was a British social feminist in opposition to Thatcherism. Top Girls was regarded as a unique play about the challenges working women face in the contemporary business world and society at large. Churchill once wrote: ‘Playwrights don’t give answersRead MoreFeminism Lost in Margaret Atwood’s A Handmaid’s Tale Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesIn Margaret Atwood’s A Handmaid’s Tale, the human spirit has evolved to such a point that it cannot be subdued by complacency. Atwood shows Gilead as an extremist state with s trong religious connotations. We see the outcome of the reversal of women’s rights and a totalitarian government which is based on reproduction. Not only is the government oppressive, but we see the female roles support and enable the oppression of other female characters. â€Å"This is an open ended text,†¦conscious of the possibilitiesRead MoreEssay on Feminist Ideas in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale1199 Words   |  5 PagesFeminist Ideas in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale For this essay, we focused strictly on critics reactions to Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale. For the most part, we found two separate opinions about The Handmaids Tale, concerning feminism. One opinion is that it is a feminist novel, and the opposing opinion that it is not. Feminism: A doctrine advocating social, political, and economic rights for women equal to those of men as recorded in Websters Dictionary. This topic is prevalentRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1540 Words   |  7 Pages Name: Nicole. Zeng Assignment: Summative written essay Date:11 May, 2015. Teacher: Dr. Strong. Handmaid’s Tale The literary masterpiece The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, is a story not unlike a cold fire; hope peeking through the miserable and meaningless world in which the protagonist gets trapped. The society depicts the discrimination towards femininity, blaming women for their low birth rate and taking away the right from the females to be educated ,forbidding them from readingRead MoreMargaret Atwood : A Social Activist1225 Words   |  5 Pagespolitical climate, however, was Margaret Atwood: a voice that refused to be silenced, a progressive storyteller who interwove her writings with feminist themes that pushed boundaries and defied the status quo. Her prolific writing career is full of poems, essays, short-stories, and novels that have permanently altered the perception of Canadian literature, while never ceasing to shed light on pertinent cultural and social issues. Margaret Eleanor Atwood was born on November 18, 1939 in Ottawa, CanadaRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale Literacy Essay1841 Words   |  8 PagesENG4U: The Handmaid’s Tale Literacy Essay Shoshannah Lewis Margret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale takes place in the closely monitored, male dominant area of Gilead where women are deprived of their sexual and human rights, forbidding them to live independently. For many years prior to Gilead’s existence, women were seen as inferior to men and neglected of basic human rights such as voting, career opportunities, and equal salaries. The Republic of Gilead was later introduced following the transitionRead MoreToni Morrison And Virginia Woolfs The Bluest Eye1629 Words   |  7 Pagesway we see things in the world today. Toni Morrison, author of The Bluest Eye, challenged the Essentialists’ claim by making a novel about racism, and how it affected African American culture in the 20th century. Margaret Atwood, author of The Handmaid’s Tale, challenged this notion by addressing issues about sexual violence and political issues, except in the shape of an extremist and dystopian world. Moreover, Virginia Woolf, auth or of To the Lighthouse, not only helped bring about modernism in the

Fathers Rights - 622 Words

Speech 101 Speech 4 April 6, 2011 Why Fathers should have Equal Rights? Due to problems arising out of bitter divorces, custody, and support battles fathers are ostracize out of their children’s life. Fathers are often looked at as the bad person when things go wrong and being the blame. Fathers are just as responsible for the child being born as the mother. Over the years fathers continue to fight for equal rights, mothers are looked at as the victims and often make false statements about the fathers to suit their own selfish needs. Accusations of sexual and child abuse by mothers of the noncustodial fathers are often found to be untrue. However women being resentful of their husbands because of infidelity making it impossible†¦show more content†¦The mother keeps the child away from the father even if he is or is not paying support just because she can’t have that man. While support becomes the issues and not the child that thought alone of the father being put through this to satisfy the pe rsonal vengeance, and child suffers in the process. Therefore due to problems arising out of bitter divorces, custody, and support battles fathers are ostracize out of their children’s life those issues are driving forces why fathers should have equal rights. Not all women are like this but, for the ones that are rules need to be set in place to protect the father just as well as the child. Not all fathers are bad and should not be looked at and contained in a box with those who refuse to take responsibility for their children. What it should all come down to is the welfare of the child but, in all court battles for custody, support, it is put in a system that is judging a person not by their actions but by accusation of one that has axe to grind against another. Fathers still have the right to access school and other records concerning their children. Nearly 40 percent of all American children, and 69 percent of black children, are born outside of marriage. This leaving the woman to think that she has to be the father and mother becoming angry and bitter, we all should have rights when it come to our children but, they should all be equal rights because when it all boils down to it, the childShow MoreRelatedA Fathers Right to His Unborn Child995 Words   |  4 Pageswhether a woman has the legal right to end a pregnancy with an abortion, but whether or not it is ethically justifiable to ruin a father’s relationship with his unborn child (Father’s rights, N.D., par. 1). Different circumstances call for different measures to be taken, but when a father wants his child, the outcome should be obvious. Because of the infamous court case Roe v. Wade, women everywhere have the right to terminate a pregnancy, with or without the father’s consent. A father legally doesRead MoreFathers Rights, Role, and Responsibility to Children in a Divorce703 Words   |  3 PagesThe paper covers many important facts regarding a fathers rights, role and responsibility to children in a divorce. Mothers have been the sole custody default for over 30 years. Typically, if a father never asks for custody, he will never get it. While this is one-sided and not always the ideal scenario, shared custody is still a complex arrangement. Its ultimate success hinges on many factors. As the paper states, raising kids alone is hard work. Sharing the equal responsibility is appealing andRead More The Fathers Rights in Child Custody Issues Essay667 Words   |  3 PagesThe Fathers Rights in Child Custody Issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States today more than one-half of all marriages end in divorce. The purpose of this paper is to examine the reason why women have typically received custody of the children far more often than the fathers. In order to better understand child custody one must first examine how fathers have often times been left out of the picture, and conversely why mothers have had such hard times raising children on their own. This paper will firstRead MoreEssay on What Are A Fathers Rights Concerning an Abortion1069 Words   |  5 PagesWomen article it states, â€Å"if a woman chooses to give a certain man who desires to be a virtuous parent a voice in the abortion decision, she would be expressing compassion and empathy towards her male partner† (Manninen 10). Giving a male partner the right to express his thoughts reflects how the female feels about their relationship. Men feel as if they are helpless when the female decides to terminate a pregnancy cau sing their dreams of birthing an embryo to vanish for the time being. According toRead MoreDifferences and Similarities Between Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr.866 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Martin   Luther   King,   Jr.   was   born   on   January   15,   1929.   He   was   the   son   and   the   grandson   of   a   pastor,   so   it   is   perhaps   no   surprise   that   he   became   a   pastor   as   well.   He   also   became   a   leader   of   the   civil   rights   movements   and   one   of   the   most   famous   people   America   has   ever   produced.   His   name   at   birth   was   Michael,   but   he   later   changed   it   to   Martin.   When   he   was   born,   his   grandfather   was   pastor   of   Atlanta’s   Ebenezer   Baptist  Read MoreThe Work of 19 th Century Feminists Essay example1961 Words   |  8 Pagesimportant parts of this movement was a woman being able to fully experience motherhood. These writers describe the bond between a mother and a child as something that is sacred, something that cannot be replaced, and the fact that a mother had no rights over her child was cruel and unjust. Stanton describes the love of a mother for her child as a bond that you cant compare to any other relationship, as the most important relationship a child and a mother could ever experience. â€Å"Look at the positionRead More Animal Liberation Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagesanimal? I think this question must be understood if we are ever to change the rights animals have. As of yet I dont believe animals have any actual rights. Rather humans have rights that involve animals. If we are to truly allow animals to have rights the same or similar to humans then we must first define what it is that makes us feel as if they are entitled to rights. Peter Singer addresses the ordeal of animal rights better than I have ever seen anyone address it. His analysis laid out in A UtilitarianRead More Abortion Is Not Strictly the Womans Private Matter Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pagesabortion. Legally, fathers are responsible for providing prenatal support for their preborn child, but have no legal rights if the mother decides to terminate the life of that child. Many fathers have gone to court to try to stop mothers from going through with their abortions. However, according to the courts, when it comes to abortion, a mothers right to abortion overrides a fathers objections. Following an abortion, a father can be as emotionally and mentally damaged as a mother. ManyRead More`` This American Life ``921 Words   |  4 Pageslife was a pattern of change categorized by numerous marriages and the resulting children. He dawned new roles once he tired of his domestic life, until he decided to move on to a new family. Then the cycle started again. Gillian has categorized her father’s life into time periods. In these periods, he enacted a new persona and donned a new family to complete the illusion. There were many moral issues raised in this podcast. Some were individually perceived morals flaws, while others were more widelyRead MoreThe Murder Of Eating Meat999 Words   |  4 Pageswords: shark, snake, grizzly, etc. It s not that I don t like more standard dishes. I love a good steak as much as the next guy, but that sort of thing just doesn t excite me anymore. If I’m going to commit murder by eating meat, as the animal rights people say, I want my murder to count. I hunger for danger foods. By my definition, a danger food is any animal that can take me in a fair fight. The way I see it, if it could have killed me when it was alive, I get to eat it once it s dead. In

Regulatory Bodies Free Essays

ROLE OF REGULATORY BODIES INTRODUCTION Health Professionals such as nurses doctors, Pharmacist and many others are regulated and licensed by regulatory bodies as required by provincial legislation. All nurses are required to be licensed to practice with their designated provincial nursing regulatory body. Legal responsibility in nursing practice is becoming of greater importance as each year passes. We will write a custom essay sample on Regulatory Bodies or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to provide safe and competent nursing care an understanding of legal boundaries is very essential. It is important to know the law in one state and the authorities enforcing these laws. VITAL ROLE OF REGULATORY BODIES * To ensure the public’s light to quality health care service. * To support and assist professional members. * Set and enforce standards of nursing practice. * Monitor and enforce standards for nursing education. * Monitor and enforce standards of nursing practice. * Set the requirements for registration of nursing professionals. Nursing regulatory bodies also known as colleges or associations, are responsible for the licensing of nurses with in their respective provinces territory. The Nursing Regulatory bodies receives their authority from legislation. MAJOR TYPES OF REGULATORY BODIES * The central government. * The state government * Institutional Rules * Trained Nurses Association of India * International council for Nurses * American Nurses Association * Canadian Nurses Association * National League for Nursing ROLE OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT The central government is a source of regulatory body in three ways, through. 1) Government service conduct rules 2) The Indian Nursing council Act 3) The English law THE GOVERNMENT SERVICE CONDUCT RULES These are detailed rules of conduct for are government employees. Examples of these are the requirement to maintain absolute integrity, devotion to duty and high standards of moral behaviour. Only a few are applicable to the nursing practice, but all would be applicable to the practice of a nurse employed by the government. INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL ACT The Indian Nursing Council, which was authorised by the Indian Nursing Council Act of 1947, was established In 1949 for the purpose providing uniform standards in nursing education and reciprocity in nursing registration throughout the country. The only national legislation directly related to nursing practice, also provides a basis from which rules for nursing practice can be developed. Among other responsibilities, this Act gives authority to the Indian Nursing Council for prescribing curricula for nursing education and recognising qualifications of institutions with teaching programmes for nursing. This means that the INC has authority to control nursing education and what the nurse is prepared to do. It is important because legal responsibility does finally depend upon what you should be able to do and how you should do it as well as what you are not prepared to do. The INC uses this authority in nursing education but it delegates authority for control of nursing practice to the State Nurses’ Registration Councils. INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL The Indian Nursing Council was authorized by the Indian Nursing Act of 1947. It was established in 1949 to providing uniform standards in nursing education and reciprocity in nursing registration through out the country. Nurses registered in one stat were not necessarily recognized for registration in another state before this time. The Condition of mutual recognition by the state Nurses Registration Councils, which is called reciprocity, was possible only if uniform standards of nursing education were maintained. FUNCTIONS OF INC 1) It provide uniform standards of in nursing education and reciprocity in nursing registration. 2) It has authority to prescribe curriculum for nursing education in all states. 3) It has authority to recognize programme for nursing education or to refuse recognition of a programme if it did not meet the standards required by the council. ) To provide the Registration of foreign nurses and for the maintance of the Indian Nurses Register. 5) The INC authorizes State Nurses Registration Council and Examining Board to issue qualifying certificates. The INC has been given heavy responsibilities for nursing practice and nursing education but it has not been able to exert enough power to support high standards in nursing. ENGLISH LAW The law based upon the English Pattern is the third way in which the Central Government is a source of legal authority. These laws are very specific and make you â€Å"liable for negligence† or answerable to the laws for acts of carelessness. The laws summarised below are given for medical practitioners including nurses. 1) The right to refuse to the treat a patient expect in an emergency situation. 2) The right to sue for fees. (Applicable only to private duty nurse or private practitioners: other nurses are salaried. ) 3) The right to add a titile descriptions to one’s name. Any title, description, abbreviation or letter which implies nolding a degree, diploma, license or certificate showing particular qualifications may be added. (Improper use of these is often prohibited by State Nurses Registration Acts. The right to wear the Red Cross Emblem is given only to members of the Army medical service. 4) Unregistered practitioners are not allowed to hold positions or appointments in public and local hospitals 5) Fundamental duties. a) To exercise a reasonable degree of skill and knowledge in treating patients. The standard held is that exercised by other reputable members of the same profession in similar circumstan ces. b) Once a relationship to a patient has been established, there is an obligation to attend the patient as long as necessary unless the patient requests withdrawal or notice is given of intention to withdraw. ) A practitioner must give personal attention to his cases and answer calls with reasonable promptness. d) Children must be protected from harming themselves. e) Special precautions must be taken in the case of adults who are incapable of taking care of themselves. 6) The Indian Penal Code demands that poisonous drugs be kept in separate containers properly labeled and marked. Care must be taken not to mix with nonpoisonous drugs. 7) There is a duty of secrecy to the patients. Records must be treated as confidential unless the practitioner is called upon to give evidence in court. 8) Dangerous diseases must be reported. (Theses will vary in different parts of the country. ) 9) Nurses as considered solely responsible for their own professional acts irrespective of the employing authority. A fine is the usual penalty imposed for disobeying the law stated above, although imprisonment is also possible. The central responsibility consists mainly of Policy making, palnning, guiding, assisting evaluating and Co. ordinating the work. How to cite Regulatory Bodies, Papers

Asia Pacific Economies for Knowledge Economy- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAsia Pacific Economies for Knowledge Economy. Answer: Introduction This study critically analyzes two articles to explain the issues revolving during recent times. The title of the article are The Myth of Asias Miracle that was written by Paul Krugman (Krugman, 1994). The title of the second journal article is Letters to the Editor- Asias Growth: Miracle or Myth that was written by Frank Gibney (Husain, 1995). The current essay had been written to highlight several issues and discussion had been made by referring the above two articles in critical ways. It is the responsibility of the government who are engaging in undertaking this opportunity for the support of financial expansion in these countries. Furthermore, it is essential to look at the financial achievement lies in the fact that there have been important attributes towards managing high rates of savings as well as investment. The countries or economies have even pursued ways especially for export-oriented development strategies in the most appropriate way (You, 2017). Analysis Is the growth experience of the Asian Tigers and the Newly-Industrializing Countries of Southeast Asia in the latter half of the 20th century a myth or a miracle? Despite its massive mobilization of resources, it is understood that Soviet economy was treated as virtually certain so as to stop Soviet managers who were unable to utilize the resources in an effective way (Preston, 2017). Likewise, it was argued by Krugman that paper tigers are coasting on their astounding inputs without even increasing level of productivity in an effective way. There are four newly industrialized economies in countries like Hong Kong, Taiwan as well as Singapore and South Korea. Some important facts had been pointed out by World Bank economists that two-third of the expansion of high-performing Asian economies are input-driven where the remaining third cannot be mentioned by accretion. This leads to attributable for increasing level of competence or total factor efficiency. In addition, it is more relative to other countries as a share of production expansion (Clarke Gholamshahi, 2017). There is several attributes to look after augmented efficiency as it is mentioned in export-driven financial system as it is mainly attributed to imports in accordance to foreign knowledge as well as technology (Chen Keng, 2017). The locus of growth actually shifted to four tigers. It is a known fact that rising share of manufactured exports aims at contributing towards attainment of future growth in productivity. In order to understand the point, it is supposed that Gabon which had higher rate of labor productivity as compared to all other four East Asian tigers (Clarke Gholamshahi, 2017). It is important to understand on how far it is created when productivity gain by continuously producing clothing as well as textiles. On the other hand, four tigers have gained less in overall labor productivity and this can be done by moving labor from producing clothing as well as textiles. Now, the question arises whether Gabon has the greater potential for future growth as compared to tigers in the future run (Preston, 2017). On the contrary, the growth of tigers had been driven by inputs. In this journal article where the title of the article is The Myth of Asias Miracle is the principle drawn from Occams razor as the hypothesis holds use of simple explanation to explain the unknown terms (Krugman, 1994). It is all about self-discipline and this holds for sweeping hypothesis on matters relating to policy or culture. Furthermore, four Asian tiger nations have already recovered from 1997 crisis and this faster as compared to other countries because different economic advantages that include high savings rate and their openness to trading activities (Liu Zhu, 2017). The World Bank reports explain about two developmental policies where the main sources come from Asian miracle and this take into consideration factor accumulation as well as macroeconomic management (Bhavnani, 2017). It is mainly ascribed to export oriented policies as well as strong expansion policies at the same time. In addition, sustained rapid growth as well as high levels of equal income distribution that leads to help in managing developmental activities There are high levels in physical as well as human capital that is present in four countries as it leads to rapid expansion as per capita income levels. While high investment were necessary that lead to financial expansion of these countries (Li et al., 2017). There is decrease in gap present both in case for male as well as female enrolments. Furthermore, role of human capital is important where education plays important role in the Asian miracle. The export oriented economies of the four Asian tiger nations that benefits from American expenditure. Other reason for strong bounce back treated as modest corporate as well as household debt in these four nations (Clarke Gholamshahi, 2017). To what degree does Confucianism contribute to the economic successes of the Asian Tigers? Does it mean that Asian countries do not adopt Confucian philosophy will fare badly economically? The Asian Tigers still stand popular examples of states that had successfully developed in a way that was not predictable 50 years before and is equally faster than any of the current efforts taken at world development (Lecomte-Tilouine, 2017). There are several activities that need to be learnt that arise from rapid economic growth of Tigers and have practical application in contemporary development in the most appropriate way. There is basic difference between a thing that is present in its own right as well as ways to lead others. It is known that these shows prove to be an alternative path for reaching full industrialization. The hypothesis holds for reason at developmental state that is argued by number of economists and widely accepted as viable method of development (Dent, 2017). At the time of examining the economic development of Asian tigers, it is essential to highlight the theoretical framework (Liu Zhu, 2017). The models used for understanding economic development varies largely and argued by development economists but at the risk of sacrificing diversity for easy in analyzing further three models. There are three other models that has less cohesive blueprints as well as categories of development policy is derived by market-led interventionlist as well as state-led models especially for economic development (Filippetti Peyrache, 2017). Reasons to Asian Miracles mainly focus on increasing exports, high growth rates, rapid industrialization, and high saving rates, small sized with small population as well as little or no possessions and education of population (Findlay Lundahl, 2017). Confucianism means same culture background as well as this had been affected by several Western countries. It need stable political environment as well as area specialization by getting access to skilled and cheap workforce. The main reason lies in the fact when Asian Tigers successfully developed as it is state-led rather than acting as market-led. Hong Kong is similar countries as many other ways to Singapore when it is noted that it consist of market-led activities of the Tigers. It is needed to conduct balance trade deficits because of poor agricultural potential as it give rise to rapid development of this industry (Ahmed, 2017). Further, it need advocacy of treatment of market-led developmental attributes that is explained in the next steps by providing trade as well as financial services. The market actors are involved here to understand the historical nature as a whole. Unlike Hong Kong, Singapore was known as financial centre for its region as a main industrial producer. It is quite surprising among the tigers for having significantly consistent Laiseez-faire approach in the current marketplace and it is closer to a market-led development. At this phase of development, the tigers pushed forward and it even aggressively reacts towards reinvesting in the infrastructure that help in establishing in next phase as well as protecting it from the benefits of international market as it is ready to understand burden of economic growth (Liu Zhu, 2017). It is important to understand the fact that success of state-led development in East Asia was not attributable to their shared culture where there is missing link about legitimacy in countries. Here, all the four tigers had a strong central leadership for efficiently steering the course of the financial system without important internal challenges as it is an indication of substantial legitimacy. In this case, it need to understand about economic rivals of countries where it had no such fallback as well as continued rule of leadership and rest on looking at the ability for delivering the economic goods (Foster-McGregor Verspagen, 2017). Is there a single Asian recipe model for economic success? Discuss by referring to relevant sources of information Single East Asian Experience or model In this question, it is needed to comment whether Single Asian model can be used for attaining future economic success and where East Asian miracle as well as common structural weakness as it is shared by these economies as it is supposed to have contributed in any form to the East Asian crisis (Foster-McGregor Verspagen, 2017). It is mainly discussed previously where misconception had been implemented when there is Single East Asian model of financial growth. Furthermore, it is difficult to understand about homogenous East Asian model of economic expansion or experience that exists in current place. There are five other categories of industrialization experience that need to be identified among the East Asian countries. The first category is Japanese case of government-directed industrialization as well as followed closely with state directed production as well as exports in and across the world market. There are two other city states that opened with free ports to the outside worl d. In addition, the second-tier NICs of countries like Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand that links with Foreign Direct Investment led exports as well as level of growth in the near future. Under the leadership of Deng Xiao-ping, it gives rise to implementation of open-door policy for Foreign Direct Investment as well as considerable public expenditures especially on transportation expansion (Liu Zhu, 2017). There is no single established as well as widely accepted meaning of East Asian model of financial expansion (Foster-McGregor Verspagen, 2017). After making the comparison with Western counterpart, this model was used by countries like Japan, South Korea and Taiwan where it had unique features. Here, Government plays an important role as well as proactive role to look further into the procedure of industrialization as well as financial progress as a whole. Countries like South Korea and Taiwan was treated as developmental state where the state reorganizes financial expansion as main goal and it even they did not vacillate to interfere in a given market-oriented company for achieving future goals and objectives in the long run. As a capitalist state, it can be seen that the developmental state remains committed towards any of the private property as well as market system (Liu Zhu, 2017). In addition, the government bureaucrats aims at formulating as well as implementing strategic in dustrial policies for promoting economic development as well as closely monitoring the working or overall functioning of the market scheme. Countries like South Korea and Taiwan are promoting bank-based monetary scheme under close administration control. These countries even used international trade as a primary means for looking forward financial expansion as well as progress. There are commonalities present among the countries such as South Korea and Taiwan and this is the only reason that explains about the extraordinary financial achievement as achieved in past three decades (Hirakawa, 2017). The broad interest in the race between two giants of Asia as it explains about developmental plan of these East Asian tigers as it needs universal attention. Krugman is of the opinion that there is nothing astounding about East Asian miracle as well as opening up the total factor efficiency in an effective way (Liu Zhu, 2017). Furthermore, hardy anyone contest the notable financial achievement of the four little tigers of East Asia who actually won the developmental race of the 20th century as well as second-tier NIEs of Southeast Asia. However, export-oriented development strategies need to be guided by administration as it is believed and provided conditions for successful takeoff. The success of the East Asian economies as well as collapse of the socialist economies calls for an opinion that include standard paradigms used for development as well as intellectual foundations. In addition, the East Asian success story has brought forward many questions in development economies in t heory and policy (Hong Li, 2017). Despite various difference in history, economic and political institutions in most of the East Asian countries or economy as a part of the East Asian Miracle Conclusion From the above study, it is noted that both the articles were helpful to give proper insights of information about the issue that was mentioned in the case scenario. There are several other factors that give rise to productivity as well as continuously expanding education opportunities and improved work practices. Likewise, the most significant activities are the interlocking cooperation of free enterprise. There is governmental intervention that guides with minded technocratic bureaucracy especially on Japanese Model. Furthermore, the flexible industrial policy that compares with Soviet style command economies. It is important to understand the fact that managers of developed Western economies still hold that all economics must work in the same way. Proper emphasis has been given upon promoting universal education as well as market investments especially in human capital for absorbing and adapting to get access of most advanced technology. In such cases, it is seen that almost in al l the East Asian economies, it is noted that industrial policies for becoming significant part of their growth strategies in an effective way. Reference List Ahmed, E. M. (2017). ICT and human capital spillover effects in achieving sustainable East Asian knowledge-based economies.Journal of the Knowledge Economy,8(3), 1086-1112. Bhavnani, R. R. (2017). PS 330: The Political Economy of Development.Economic Perspectives,21(1), 141. Chen, W., Keng, S. (2017). The Chinese developmental state in transition: in light of the East Asian experiences.Journal of Chinese Governance,2(2), 209-222. Clarke, T., Gholamshahi, S. (2017). Developing Human Capital for Knowledge Based Economies. InInnovation in the Asia Pacific(pp. 247-270). Springer, Singapore. Dent, C. M. (2017). East Asias new developmentalism: state capacity, climate change and low-carbon development.Third World Quarterly, 1-20. Filippetti, A., Peyrache, A. (2017). Productivity growth and catching up: a technology gap explanation.International Review of Applied Economics,31(3), 283-303. Findlay, R., Lundahl, M. (2017). Modeling Global Interdependence: Centers, Peripheries and Frontiers. InThe Economics of the Frontier(pp. 95-104). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Foster-McGregor, N., Verspagen, B. (2017). Decomposing Total Factor Productivity Growth in Manufacturing and Services.Asian Development Review. Hirakawa, H. (2017). East Asias Economic Development and Japanese Firms ICT-Based Services Offshoring. InInnovative ICT Industrial Architecture in East Asia(pp. 33-59). Springer Japan. Hong, P., Li, H. Y. (2017). Avoiding pitfalls in Chinas transition of its growth model.Journal of Policy Modeling. Husain, I. (1995). Letters to the editor-Asia's growth: Miracle or myth?.Foreign Affairs,74(2), 173. Krugman, P. (1994). The myth of Asia's miracle.Foreign affairs, 62-78. Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (Ed.). (2017).Nature, culture and religion at the crossroads of Asia. Routledge. Li, D., Tang, T., Hu, D., Song, F., Luo, L. (2017). The challenge to chinas enterprises from increasing labor costs: the product quality perspective.China Economic Journal,10(1), 18-33. Liu, J., Zhu, X. (2017). Human Capital Investment: The Fundamental Means to Promote Enterprise Competitiveness. InNew Interpretations on the Development of Chinas Non-Governmental Enterprises(pp. 209-229). Springer Singapore. Preston, P. W. (2017). The Historical Development Experience of East Asia: Growth, Regional Networks and the Developmental State. InPolitical Cultural Developments in East Asia(pp. 41-77). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Preston, P. W. (2017).Political Cultural Developments in East Asia: Interpreting Logics of Change. Palgrave Macmillan. You, J. S. (2017). Demystifying the Park Chung-Hee Myth: Land Reform in the Evolution of Koreas Developmental State.Journal of Contemporary Asia, 1-22.

Operation Management free essay sample

Hard Rock uses these ten critical decisions of operational management; â€Å"Service and product design, Quality management, Process and capacity design, Location, Layout design/Job design, Supply-chain management, Inventory management, Scheduling and Maintenance†. These practices give the Hard Rock Cafe an edge in meeting new and growing needs of the restaurant, and entertainment industry. The service and product design Hard Rock sells is not just food, it’s a statement and a storied culture that has changed with time as we do as people. The â€Å"living on the edge† crowd of the 1980s can still live a little on the edge today in a Hard Rock restaurant, casino or even in a rock concert. The company is selling the feeling of still being a rebel. Hard Rock Cafe has grown into a successful industry that was once limited to a twenty something budget to grow with the wallets of the generation that gave birth to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Operation Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The quality management has been a key factor providing an environment that people want to continue to come back to. High quality products such as gourmet food, quality merchandise, and excellent service have kept the Hard Rock from dying. The individual sight managers alongside with the overall operation managers are responsible for maintaining the high quality products and environment that people expect to find there. Hard Rocks process and capacity design along with location selection are chosen based on high population areas with specific geographic requirements to ensure a large volume of customers. The location chosen requires a high capacity facility that is capable of serving its large number of customers. This is accomplished not just by size but by layout design and the efficient flow of  product and delivery of that product. That product flow along with a good human resources and job design are a crucial part of managing a Hard Rock. The management of the supply-chain and inventory/material is another essential part of Hard Rocks success. Managers have to purchase the correct equipment and supplies needed to efficiently produce the high quality products and take into account how much inventory is required and when to restock. This takes good data analysis and continually requires review to ensure proper inventory of supplies at all times. Lastly, managers need to take into account intermediate and short-term scheduling along with when to perform maintenance on equipment and facilities. Planning on high business times of the year managers can schedule preventative maintenance during the slower parts of the year. In the same way they can schedule part time employees to accommodate the influx of customers during busier parts of the year. Works Cited Professor Barry Render, J. H. (2013). Case Analysis on the Hard Rock Cafe. Trident University.

Democracy vs. a Dictatorship

Democracy vs. a Dictatorship Free Online Research Papers One of the best example I can think of is Kaiser wilhelm’s and Adolf Hitler’s regime over Germany. Even though these regimes were socially troublesome, Germany prospered economically during these periods . During Kaiser Wilhem’s rule Germany was wealthy enough to compete with Britain’s royal navy which was the largest in the world. Hitler’s rule over Germany was bloody and tyrannous , where millions of people were killed, however Germany was one of the richest countries in the world during Hitler’s time , it had the largest army , navy and airforce after USA’s. Hitler’s regime not only brought monetary wealth but also discipline in the country which was very much required after the â€Å"cumbersome† democratic regime of Friedrich Ebert. Democracy is a faulted type of government. This statement can be complemented with an example , that is ; present day India, which is a democratic country. However, it is one of the most backward country’s in the world. More than 70% of the country is below the poverty line. The main form of industry is the primary industry which the monetary output is comparatively very low in comparison to secondary and tertiary industries. Another example to push dictatorship forward, is Fidel Castro’s regime over Cuba. Fidel Castro has ruled Cuba for the past 50 years or more. Even though the main industry is primary ( exporting sugar and tobacco) , it has prospered over the years. The fundamental principle of democracy is that it is â€Å" For the people , by the people and from the people .† This is exactly why it is flawed, because the government is virtually run by the people , who always have different views . However, I believe that an ideal government is a dicatorship Research Papers on Democracy vs. a DictatorshipAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to AfricaDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesOpen Architechture a white paper

Statistical critique Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistical critique - Statistics Project Example The use of time use surveys as a statistical tool in this kind of research was very appropriate since time expenditure is a good indicator of work intensity and therefore allowed the researcher to effectively investigate the human activities and behavioral patterns. Programme) provided the author with the best national data set regarding time use. There is however a serious concern regarding the use of statistical observations that were recorded prior to 1970s particularly in countries that were once part of the former Soviet Union. This is primarily because most of these countries had not developed elaborate family policies until after 1970s. Another potential limitation of using MTUS in the research was the fact that the scale used is not sufficiently precise to accurately measure the time spent on particular tasks since it only record data on a range of between 55% and 95%. Page 1492, first paragraph under â€Å"Measures†: the researcher chose to only use the heavily performed tasks such as housework and cooking time as the dependable variables during statistical analysis of the data in the study. The significance of the author’s choice of variables was based on the fact that they were universally performed in all the countries under the survey and were generally gender specialized. The other statistical variables such as child care time were considered to be less significant as compared to housework and cooking time. The author primarily focused on the major domestic chores that are in some areas regarded as female household chores. Although this was fairly appropriate, the researcher should have made a clear distinction between the daily chores and the other non daily routines to ensure the accuracy of the statistics. Additionally it would also be appropriate if the researcher highlighted some of the distinctions between high schedule tasks

Continued Global Population Growth Seriously Limits the Prospects for Essay - 1

Continued Global Population Growth Seriously Limits the Prospects for Development - Essay Example Many economists have conventionally tried to explore this relationship, and have found alarming consequences of population growth on development, though some economists tend to adopt a more optimistic view about the benefits of increased workforce resulting from the population growth considering the â€Å"economies of scale and specialization, the possible spur to favorable motivation caused by increased dependency, and the more favorable attitudes, capacities, and motivations of younger populations compared with older ones† (Easterlin, 1967). Analysis of the long-cultivated debate about the consequences of population growth, the central question that appears in the limelight is; do the positive effects of population growth on the economic development of a nation outweigh the consequential negativities? This paper tends to evaluate the effect of population growth on the development by comparing the merits and demerits of increase in population. The first English economist who estimated the effects of population growth upon economy was Thomas Robert Malthus In 1798, Malthus presented a theory stating that rate of increase of population causes underdevelopment (Cobridge, 1986, p. 82). In the long run, this trend can cause such problems as starvation, famine and wars over possession of water, land and natural resources. It was because of the very gloomy forecast of the effects of population growth on development made by Malthus that people began to refer to Economics as â€Å"the dismal science† (Hall, 2011). It can be observed in general that a vast majority of industrialized nations have extremely low birth rates whereas a lot of developing and underdeveloped countries have very high birth rates. The birth rate is one potential factor that tells an underdeveloped country from an advanced country since many if not all advanced countries have very low birth rates and the trend is on the other pole of the scale for the underdeveloped countries generally. This was also confirmed in 1958 by the findings of the research conducted by Edgar Hoover and Ansley Coale (Hall, 2011).  These researchers found an inverse relationship between economic and population growth.  Ã‚  

Liberation Theology and Marxism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Liberation Theology and Marxism - Essay Example By contrast, Marxism is an earthbound ideology, content to reward or punish those in the here and now based on their support of the ideals of fairness, equality and the distribution of wealth. Both Christianity and Marxism are fundamentally concerned with promoting the general welfare and improving the lives of the vast majority of the world's citizens, yet both have suffered as much damage to their credibility from followers as from opponents. The extreme and selfish proponents of these ideologies have severely undermined their cause through the organization of vast bureaucracies that leave precious little time for doing the real work of making lives easier. At the same time, both Christianity and Marxism have a long history of supressing dissident voices and violently repressing infidel movements. Marxist liberation theology as applied to Latin American countries that were systematically exploited first by and then for European, and later American, interests has long been viewed a s an ideological threat to traditional Christian liberation theology. ... Since Christian liberation entailed not just applying to the needs of the oppressed, but also to inculcating an ideology that coerced followers to view the Church and its leaders as infallible, the only possible conclusion one can make is that is that while it is a contradiction to speak of a Christian Marxist, the contradiction lies in the fact that Marxism is much closer to Christ's original intentions for the human race than the religion that was founded in His name. Pope John Paul II directly addressed the issue of liberation theology during the course of his Papacy; not surprising considering that he had first-hand experience with the worst excesses of the perversion of Marxism as practiced under Soviet-dominated totalitarianism. Recognising that Christianity in its purest form had much in common with Marxism in its purest form, Pope John Paul II wisely avoided condemnation of Marxist liberation theology's desire to find a common ground between Christian charity and missionary work and Marxist economics designed to liberate the working classes. It was not the Marxist preoccupation with the incompatibility of capitalist economics and social welfare that John Paul found objectionable. Rather the Pope pointed to the limitations of Marxist liberation; the liberation was not of human suffering, nor the soul, but merely the liberation of one citizen from an undesirable economic circumstance. The question that Marxism doesn't answer, therefore, becomes what happens after the revolution How do the newly liberation people respond to the destruction of the class system. Even Pope John Paul II recognised that the end of Marxism was not

Leadership And Management Are Complex Nursing Essay

Leadership And Management Are Complex Nursing Essay Introduction Leadership and management are complex, inter-related concepts, and are essential for health services delivery, reform and administration. Both can be viewed as activities within organisation rather than as functions of specific job roles (Story, 2004; Mullins, 2007). A manager is a member of a specific professional group who manages resources and activities, establishing rules and procedures; and usually has clearly defined subordinates (Northhouse, 2010). A leader is someone, irrespective of professional background and level within an organisation, who build teams and coalitions, and has influence over other people (Rocchiccoli and Tilbury, 1998; Northhouse, 2010). Within the National Health Service (NHS) management require influence rather than giving orders, hence there is a need for effective leaders (Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry,1991; IIes and Sutherland, 2001; Jones, 2007) ). Effective leaders are those who possess the ability to influence motivate and enable others to contr ibute toward the effectiveness and success of the organisation of which they are members (Mullins, 2007; Chism, 2010; Northhouse, 2010). The role of leaders in the NHS is to improve patients care, treatment and experience; promote a healthier population; and enhance the NHSs reputation as a well-managed and accountable organisation as well as motivate and develop staff (Hartley and Benington, 2010). Poor leadership styles, with an increased pressure at work, and enforced change, creates dissatisfaction and low morale among staff, which may lead to crisis (Reed, 1995; Oliver, 2007; Mullins, 2007). It is the intention of this essay to highlight the importance of leadership and change management theories to understand and solve contemporary management issues. It will present and critically analysing in the light of theory the management crisis that stroke Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust between 2005 and 2008, as reported by Alberti (2009) and Thomà © (2009). The Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust Case The Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust (MSFT) is a small to medium-sized trust that serves a semi-rural population (Alberti, 2009). During the summer and autumn of 2007, while analysing mortality in England, the Healthcare Commission became aware of consistently higher rates of mortality for specific conditions at the Trust (Healthcare Commission, 2009). When carrying out detailed examination, the Commission found that, mortality appeared to be concentrated on those admitted as emergencies. The reasons for the failing at the Trust, as explained by the Commission are the existences of deficiencies at virtually every stage of the pathway of emergency care (Healthcare Commission, 2009). The overall mortality rate had indeed been comparatively high for several years as shown by Dr Fosters Hospital Guide (Alberti, 2009). As a result, the government appointed Professor Sir George Albert and Doctor David Colin Thomà ©, to investigate the problem and suggest solutions. It can be said that, the MSFT has suffered from many leadership and management issues, which eventually affect the quality of care provided to patients. The reports by Alberti (2009) and Thomà © (2009) identified many issues that escalate the situation at MSFT and offer recommendations on how to manage them. These include the lack of effective clinical leadership; poor use of data and information evident in the lack of action from the concerned Strategic Health Authority (SHA) and Primary Care Trust (PCT) in relation to the increased mortality rate at the hospital, as reported during 2007 by the Hospital Standardized Mortality Rate (HSMR) data; and poor governance and clarity of accountability of all the different organisation in the system. The MSFT crisis is used here as a case study, because I have no work based experience; and for the purpose of this analysis, the above mentioned issues will be examined in relation to leadership and change management theories, with brief highlight of inter-organisa tion collaboration approach.. Leadership and change management theories Hellriegel et al. (1998) suggest that behaviour within an organization may be explained by viewing the organization as an iceberg. Their assumption is What sinks ships isnt always what sailors can see but what they cant see. Similarly, what cause problem for organizations is not what managers can see, but what they cannot see. The organisation Iceberg is based on the assumption that most of the internal factors affecting an organization are invisible, refer to as (covert) but affect the behavioural of individuals involved, such as attitudes, communication patterns, informal team processes, personality, conflict and political behaviour. While formal aspects refers to as (Overt) can be observed from all level, that include physical facilities, rules and regulations, customers and organisation designs The iceberg model relates directly to Paton (2000) who describe organisations are made of complex components that all influence the overall system. In relation to MSFT this model describe the relationship between the PCTs, SHAs and MSFT and how they work together. The Organisation Iceberg highlights that there are many factors within an organisation service that cannot always be seen and cause many problems in reality, which in the case of MSFT could be the shortage of staff, which affects the communication between employees; and lack of time to complete routine duties effectively. Change is inevitable in both organisational and social life, it is a pervasive influence and everyone is subject to continual change in one form or another (Mullins, 2007). Within organisations change is seen as a constant feature, and the ability to manage it, is seen as a core competence of successful organisations (Burnes, 2004). Paton and McCalman (2000) describes an organisation as a system of organised assembly of components, which are related in a way that the behaviour of any individual component will influence the overall status of the system. Organisational change can be initiated deliberately by managers or it can be evolve slowly (Mullins, 2007). In both situation, change can occur because of many reasons, sometimes refers to as triggers, which can be internal or external. Triggers can be due to an increased patient and public expectations, changing technologies, government legislation, competitor, supply change activities, an acquisition or merger (Paton and McCalman, 20 00). In the case of the MSFT, the triggers have been external, and involve the need to response to government legislation, social pressure and the inquiry. Nevertheless, change can be planned, implemented and seen; approaches to change management include: Lewins Force Field Model, Group Dynamic, Action Research and Three-Step model The Force Field Model (Lewin, 1951 cited by Iles and Sutherland, 2001), describe factors that can encourage change and the forces that can create resistance, during the transition state. Lewins theory can be related the MSFT as there were driven forces such as economic reasons and the need to increase customer care that lead to the establishment of the PCT and SHA. Yet there are resisting forces such as poor communication during the transition periods of PCT and SHA, and the lack of professional responsibility from the clinicians and other members of the hospitals staff. Alberti (2009) illustrated in his report that, the trust application for Foundation Trust status led to major saving being required. This financial savings was one of the driving forces that encouraged change. This in turn led to a major fall in clinical staffing, which suggested to be a resisting forces that lead to the deterioration of patient care. As suggested by Lucas and Lloyd (2005) change may bring the about resistance, even though the change can be positive. Change is not a straight forward process, whenever an organisation imposes new things on people, there will be difficulties. Thus, participation involvement and open, early, full communication are essential factors (www.bussinessballs.com). Lewin described an organisation as systems that are held in a steady state or equilibrium by equal forces (King and Anderson, 2002). These forces are the driving forces and the resisting force. When change is proposed it is important to minimise those resisting force first; any premature increase in driving forces for a change will be met with an equal opposite increase in resisting forces (King and Anderson, 2002). It is therefore necessary to reduce the resisting forces through consultation and participation in the change process. Once the resisting forces have been minimised the driving forces can be increased, shifting the equilibrium to the desire state .Within the MSFT, tackling resistanc e to change should have been a priority, given the circumstances and events that occurred. Resistance to change can be in many forms, these can be at an individual level or organisational level, and often difficult to pinpoint the causes. Mullins (2007) suggested that individual resistance may be due to habit, inconvenient or loss of freedom, security in the past and economic implication. Similarly, King and Anderson (2002) argued that individuals may resist simply because change represents a more move into the unknown. Examples of security in the past causing resistance can be seen at MSFT and the surgical words, in the past surgical patients were admitted to the emergency accident unit (EAU), this was found to be of unsatisfactory level leading to opening of a temporary small surgical assessment unit. This unit was found to be successful; however has no been closed, despite its success. Resistance to change and the feeling of security in the past admission procedures allowed a suc cessful change to be closed. Group Dynamic is another a approach to change, Lewin was the first psychologist to write about group Group Dynamic and the importance of the group in shaping the behaviour of its all members (Burnes, 2009). Lewin developed of this concept by addressing two questions. First, what is about the nature and characteristics of particular group that cause it to respond, as it does to the forces which trench on it? Second, how these forces be changed in order to elicit a more desirable form of behaviour? Group Dynamic stresses that, group behaviour, rather than that of individuals, should be the main focus of change (Hayes, 2007; Burnes, 2009). Lewin maintain that it is fruitless to concentrate on changing the behaviour of individuals because the individual in isolation is constrained by group pressure to conform. Consequently the focus of change, must be at the group level and should concentrate on factors such as group norms, roles, interactions and socialization processes to create diseq uilibrium and change (Hayes, 2007) Lewin recognized that, there is need to study and understanding the internal dynamics of groups, such as the different roles people play and how groups need to change over time. However, for him this understanding was not sufficient by itself to bring about change (Burnes, 2009). Lewin also recognized the need to provide a process whereby group members could be engaged in and committed to changing their behaviour. This led Lewin to develop Action Research and the Three-Step model. Action Research Lewin conceived of Action Research as a two-pronged process which would allow groups to address these three questions. Firstly, it emphasizes that change require actions, and is directed at achieving this. Secondly, it recognizes that successful action is based on analyzing the situation correctly, identifying all the possible alternative solutions and choosing the one most appropriate to the situation at hand ( Hayes, 2007). To be successful, though, there has also to be a felt-need. Felt need is an individuals inner realization that change is necessary. If felt-need is low in the group or organisation, introducing change becomes a problematic (Burnes, 2009) Three-Step model is programme of planned change and improved performance, this model is developed by Lewin, to assist with change. It involves the management of a three-stage process of behavior modification: unfreezing, movement and refreezing (Mullins, 2007). Unfreezing by reduce those forces which keep behavior in its current form, recognition of the need for change and improvement to take place. Lewin believed that the stability of human behaviour was based on a quasi-stationary equilibrium supported by a complex field of driving and resisting forces, thus the equilibrium needs to be destabilized before old behaviour can be discarded and new behaviour successfully adopted (Burnes, 2009). Movement, this step shifts the behavior of organisation to a new level; it involves the development of new attitudes or behavior and the implementation of change, Lewin recognized that, without reinforcement, change could be short-lift (Hayes, 2007; Burnes, 2009). Refreezing, this step stabilizi ng the organisation at new state of equilibrium, it is frequently accomplish through the use of supporting mechanism, for examples polices, structure or norms (Mullins, 2007). The main point about refreezing is that new behaviour must be, to some degree, congruent with the rest of the behaviour, personality and environment of the learner or it will simply lead to a new round of disconfirmation (Burnes, 2009). Clinical Leadership Effective, accountable clinical leadership at all levels of the NHS from where patients are treated and cared for right up to the board of an organisation, is another essential pre-requisite of a safe, high quality and effective service (IIes and Sutherland, 2001). In Mid Staffordshire hospital trust, this was lacking. It could also have been more effective in the PCTs and SHAs. Thomà © (2009) suggested that clinical leadership had a major role in the deterioration of patient care at MSFT. He described the visible clinical leadership as lacking in MSFT as well as in SHA and PCT. The poor leadership was observed at all levels, with clinicians failing to raise concerns about patients quality of care, and management failing to improve staff level that would have a big impact on patient quality of care. Clinical leadership may be defined as an expert clinician involved in providing direct clinical care, which influences others to improve the care they provide continuously (Cook, 1999, p. 306). Cook and Leatherhard (2004) describe five characteristics of an effective leader that can be adopted into the clinical environment to produce the best care for the patients. These include creativity by understand the situation and seeking new possibilities; highlighting through identifying new ways of care delivery; influencing by help others see and understand situations from different perspectives; respecting through well develop perceptual ability of others; and finally supporting by supporting others through change. The effective leader characteristics are link to the Trait Theory (Lord et al, 1986) which suggests that leaders have physical traits and abilities that are individual and distinguish them from others. The Trait Theory based on early studies which claim that leaders are born not made, and key characteristics and skills are inherited (Mullins, 2007). The benefit of trait approach is the ability to focus on the individual who is the leader, rather than the task of leading. This allows for analysis of the leader and their individual leadership traits, in term of effectiveness and efficiency and highlights their strength and weakness, which in turn can lead to the improvement of leadership capabilities. Being an ineffective leader in NHS can have severe consequences on the staff in the workplace, as well as patient by having psychologica l impacts that cause deterioration in patient acre and result in stressed staff. Alberti (2009) and Thomà © (2009) . It is clear that there was a distinct lack of Cook and Leathards (2004) five characteristics, that need to influence staff, implement change and be creative. According to Alberti (2009) and Thomà © (2009) reports, leaders of MSFT were very focused on a financial change and lacked creativity in many other aspects of the organisation, such as implementing change management at an individual care staff level. They show disrespect for their staff, by failing to support them and provide adequate training. Alberti (2009) and Thomà © (2009) suggest that they could provided training that would enable staff to adapt to changes in the organisation. Also, there could have been changes to the staff levels, to provide departments with the sufficient staffing, to maintain appropriate care levels. This in turn inhibit the introduction of any new care plans that could potentially i mproved the care. There was also a lack of influential staff; Thomà © (2009) commented on the lack of responsibility shown by general parishioners in the hospital, who fail to report poor quality of care , that they often observed in the clinical settings. According to Palfrey (2000) within the NHS management decisions often relate to resources or the allocation of resources, and that managing budgets and managing people require two very different functions. It is clear that the financial component of MSFT system was a priority, and the leaders in charge missed the opportunity to manage their staff and individuals well, by focusing too much on the budgets and resources (Alberti, 2009; and Thomà ©,2009). Inter -organisational collaboration Alberti (2009) review of MSFT, found that there are highly committed, acute surgeons working at the Trust but too few in each of the surgical specialties. He therefore recommended that a system of networking with neighbouring trusts to be created. Similarly, a network or board should be established for urgent and emergency care including all partners, such as the PCT, the ambulance trust, social services, the voluntary sector, pharmacies, patients and the public as well as the MSFT. In his view this could and should greatly facilitate delivery of care by the most appropriate person in the most appropriate setting in timely fashion. Partnership means learning together and works together; it is a good way of making things happen (Davies and Foley, 2007).The need to bring together, different inter-linked professionals skills has increasingly arisen in response to the complexity of health and welfare services; the expansion of knowledge and the subsequent increase in specialisation resou rces; for lessening duplication and provide a more effective, integrated and supportive services for both users and professionals (Naidoo and Wills, 2001). According to Leathard (1994) one striking feature about inter-professional work in Britain is that there has been a generally held belief that collaboration is good thing and inter-professionals teams have increasingly gained favour in recent years. However, threes has been little evidence to substantiate the view that collaboration leads to an increase in the quality of care. Similarly, Hudson et al (1999) have argued that interagency collaboration in the public sector remains very difficult, yet governments committed to it. Adams (2007) mentioned that partnership have number of strengths. First, they reassure people that cooperation and collaboration between diverse groups and organisations are possible. Second, they enable people as individuals and in groups to join forces to achieve shared goals. Finally, they are means by which agencies can work together to solve problems they cold not tackle alone. McGrath (1991) noted three advantages of inter-professionals teams working in th e field of community mental handicap. Firstly, more efficient use of staff, for example enabling specialist staff to concentrate on specialist skills and maximising the potential of a qualified staff. Secondly, effective service provision, for instance, encouraging overall service planning and goal orientation. Thirdly, creating a more satisfying, work environment, again by promoting a more relevant and supportive services. Inter-agency and inter-professionals coordination and collaboration, are not however, readily in practice (Sands et al, 1990). Inter-professionals pitfalls included conflicting professional and organisational boundaries, inequality in status and pay, and time consuming consultation (McGrath, 1991). Sweeney et al (2000) concluded that, the three reasons for failures in collaboration drawn from research are cited as being differing professional perspectives on problems; different occupational cultures and confusions over professional roles. Confidentiality and sharing information within and between agencies are other issues. It is clear that PCT, SHA and Monitor at MSFT were unsure about their involvement and responsibilities once the hospital has been awarded the Foundation Trust status, which result in neglecting patient care (Alberti, 2009; Thomà ©, 2009). Adams (2007) pointed out that it is difficult for organisation with diverse cultures and ways of working to work together. Succ essful partnerships and effective joint work between different agencies and professionals, depend on a number of conditions being fulfilled These include a willingness to share tasks, high trust between different professionals and openness and good communication. Likewise Hudson et al (1999) have developed a conceptual framework setting out some main issues that need to be considered when planning collaborative services. These include assessment of collaborative capacity, identification of a legitimate basis for collaboration, ensuring wide organisational ownership and nurturing fragile relationship. Close culture and lack of data sharing, were among the issues that caused the situation to deteriorate at MSFT; a Good understanding of multi-organisational networking, alliance and partnership principles, would have improve the communication at the trust. This in turn can improve patient flow through the hospital and ensure greater networking with neighbouring trusts. Conclusion Within the NHS management systems, a manager requires need to influence other rather than giving orders, thus they need to be an effective leaders. The Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust (MSFT) crisis was a result of poor leadership and management of staff and services (Alberti, 2009; Thomà ©, 2009). The lack of smooth organisational change management, as described by the Organisational Iceberg, affected many components of the trust. The reconfiguration of PCT and SHA was to improve the quality of care at the trust. However unstable transition and transformation of change that was caused mainly by inadequate leadership capabilities prevent a successful case of change management in this organisation. As a result the poor standard of care continued to be performed in the hospital, without any attention or plan to change. Change is a common feature s in both organisation and social life, and can be planned, implemented and seen. Lewins Force Field Model, Group Dynamic, Action Research and Three-Step models of change forming un integrated approach to analyzing, understanding and brining about change at group, organisational and societal level (Burnes, 2009). Clinical leadership in particular played important in the deterioration of patient care at the MSFT. Effective clinical leadership required creativity, highlighting, influencing, respecting and supporting (Cook and Leatherhard, 2004). Inter-professionals and partnership approach in public sectors aims to enable people to work together to achieve shared gaols. However, these approach, hindered by problems such as the conflicting professional and organisational boundaries and loyalties. Successful partnerships depend on a number of conditions being fulfilled these include a willingness to share tasks, high trust between different professionals and openness and good communication (Adams, 2007).

Exploring Earth Creationist Claims for the Age of the Earth :: Creationism Science Essays

The relative age of the earth is not often seen as a topic of controversy. Much of the scientific data published in school textbooks and taught to students indicate an age on the order of billions of years. Radiometric dating, as well as geological rock studies, have been used as evidence to support such a large expanse of time. However, a small but determined minority, mostly composed of fundamentalist Christians, has been vehemently challenging this age. These so-called â€Å"creation-scientists† have disputed the evidence in support of a young earth. They have added their own measurements and observations, as well as interpreted other scientists’ data, in an attempt to convince others of the possibility and ultimately, the â€Å"truth† of a young earth, one that is no more than 6,000 to 10,000 years old. The young earth idea has its roots in the Bible. If the lineages and families were traced back from known dates in the not-to-distant past, the creation of the world by the eternal Creator would have been around 4000 B.C. Because these creationists call their endeavors scientific, the question arises as to their method for making the claim of a young earth. Creation-science discussions of the age of the earth usually contain several standard items. The first is usually a criticism of the standard evolutionist methods for age determination, radiometric dating. Radiometric dating is the process of determining the age of a substance based on the ratio of isotopes in a given sample. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom defines a particular element. However, the number of neutrons in the nucleus can vary, giving rise to different isotopes of the same element. Some of these isotopes are stable, while others are not. These unstable isotopes radioactively decay to more stable, often lighter elements, called daughter atoms, thereby releasing energy in the form of high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. A particular isotope will have a characteristic half-life, based on the time that it takes for half of the population of the isotope to decay into the daughter elements.